The Underarm Bowling Incident
Australia vs New Zealand
1 February 1981
Greg Chappell instructed his brother Trevor to bowl the last ball underarm along the ground to prevent New Zealand from hitting a six to tie the match.
MS Dhoni's run out by Martin Guptill's direct hit in the World Cup semi-final was upheld by the third umpire after a close review that many felt could have gone either way.
The 2019 World Cup semi-final between India and New Zealand at Old Trafford was one of the most anticipated matches of the tournament. India had topped the group stage impressively and were heavy favourites to reach the final, where they were expected to face England or Australia.
MS Dhoni's role in the 2019 side was that of the experienced finisher — coming in at number 7 to anchor an innings or accelerate when needed. At 37, this was expected to be his final World Cup, and every innings he played carried the weight of an impending farewell.
New Zealand had performed consistently throughout the group stage and were well-organised under Kane Williamson. Their seamers — Boult, Henry, Ferguson — had taken wickets throughout the tournament and posed questions that the Indian top order, for once, could not fully answer.
India were set 240 to win and made a stuttering start. Rain interruptions had complicated proceedings over two days, adding to the tension. When Rohit Sharma and Virat Kohli both fell cheaply, the target began to look daunting.
Dhoni entered with India at 92/6, a situation that called for exactly the kind of measured recovery he had provided so many times throughout his career. He and Ravindra Jadeja began to rebuild, adding 116 runs together and appearing to bring India back into contention.
When Jadeja was dismissed for 77, India needed 31 off 10 balls with Dhoni on 50 and batting with his characteristic calmness. The equation was tight but not impossible for the greatest finisher in the game's history. What happened next changed everything.
In the 2019 World Cup semi-final at Old Trafford, India were in trouble in their chase of 240 but MS Dhoni and Ravindra Jadeja were staging a remarkable comeback. With Dhoni batting on 50, he set off for a quick single.
Martin Guptill picked up and threw in one fluid motion, scoring a direct hit at the striker's end. The third umpire reviewed multiple angles and determined that Dhoni was short of his crease by a fraction. The decision was out.
While the decision was technically correct, the margins were incredibly fine. Some fans and experts questioned whether the frame used to determine the moment the bails were dislodged was accurate to the nearest fraction. The third umpire's tools — while impressive — still rely on frame-by-frame video that may not capture the exact moment of bail displacement.
The dismissal effectively ended India's World Cup campaign. The image of Dhoni walking back, potentially for the last time in an India shirt, became one of cricket's most emotional moments. The run-out decision, while correct, felt cruel in its precision.
India 211/7; Dhoni on 50 batting with tail-ender; needs 31 off remaining balls
Dhoni plays a delivery toward mid-wicket and calls for a quick single
Martin Guptill fields cleanly and fires in a direct hit at the striker's end
Third umpire reviews multiple slow-motion angles to determine whether Dhoni's bat is grounded
Decision: out — Dhoni's bat is fractionally short of his crease when the bails are dislodged
India 221/8 and effectively eliminated; they lose by 18 runs
10 July 2019, Day 2
Match resumes after rain; India chase 240
Overs 15-30
Indian top order collapses; India 92/6
Overs 30-47
Dhoni and Jadeja add 116; India back in contention
Over 47.3
Jadeja dismissed for 77; India need 31 off remaining balls
Over 49.3
Dhoni run out by Guptill direct hit for 50; India 221/8
End of innings
India 221 all out; New Zealand win by 18 runs; India eliminated
“I thought I was in. But these things happen. The umpire makes the call.”
“Guptill's throw was brilliant. Direct hit from the deep. You can't ask for more as a fielder.”
“Looking at those frames, I'm not sure. I genuinely think it was that close.”
“Correct decision or not, that image of Dhoni walking off will stay with Indian cricket forever.”
The decision was upheld by the third umpire after a review that examined several angles of video footage. Technically the decision was correct — Dhoni's bat was short of the crease at the moment the bails were dislodged. But the margins were so fine that the official BCCI broadcast and international feeds showed slightly different conclusions depending on the angle used.
India lost the match by 18 runs and were eliminated from the World Cup. The post-match conversation focused almost entirely on two questions: whether Dhoni had been given out correctly, and whether this was the end of his international career. He never played for India again after that match.
The Indian cricketing world went through a period of intense grief and reflection. Dhoni's walk back to the pavilion — bat in hand, helmet on, emotionless as always — was one of the most replayed images in the history of Indian sport.
Correctly given out. The third umpire review was thorough. But the fine margins highlighted the limitations of frame-rate technology in run-out decisions.
The Dhoni run-out at Old Trafford 2019 became one of the most analysed dismissals in World Cup history — not because it was definitively wrong, but because the margins were so fine that it raised genuine questions about the adequacy of frame-rate technology for run-out decisions at the highest level.
The incident contributed to discussions about upgrading the frame rate of cameras used in run-out reviews, ensuring that the exact moment of bail displacement could be determined with greater certainty. It also served as the ending of an era: the last image of Dhoni in the World Cup was that solitary walk back, a moment that encapsulated both the harshness of the game and the dignity with which he had always played it.
Australia vs New Zealand
1 February 1981
Greg Chappell instructed his brother Trevor to bowl the last ball underarm along the ground to prevent New Zealand from hitting a six to tie the match.
Australia vs India
7 February 1981
Sunil Gavaskar was given out LBW to Dennis Lillee off a ball that clearly hit his bat first. He was so furious he tried to take his batting partner Chetan Chauhan off the field with him.
Australia vs India
2-6 January 2008
One of the most controversial Tests ever — terrible umpiring decisions, racial abuse allegations, and India threatening to abandon the tour.