The Underarm Bowling Incident
Australia vs New Zealand
1 February 1981
Greg Chappell instructed his brother Trevor to bowl the last ball underarm along the ground to prevent New Zealand from hitting a six to tie the match.
AB de Villiers was given out run out by the third umpire on a genuinely inconclusive decision. South Africa lost in heartbreaking fashion — Dale Steyn conceding the winning six to Grant Elliott off the final ball.
South Africa's history in ICC knockout cricket is one of the sport's most melancholy narratives. They infamously miscalculated in the 1999 World Cup semi-final — Herschelle Gibbs dropped Steve Waugh and then Lance Klusener and Allan Donald ran a disastrous final-over mix-up to end a tied semi-final. They lost to New Zealand in the 1992 World Cup due to the rain rule. They had never reached a World Cup Final.
The 2015 World Cup in Australia and New Zealand gave South Africa a golden generation: Hashim Amla, AB de Villiers, Faf du Plessis, JP Duminy, David Miller, Dale Steyn, Morne Morkel, Imran Tahir. AB de Villiers was the most explosive limited-overs batsman in the world at this point — his fastest ODI century record, his ability to hit to all parts, his wicketkeeping versatility made him irreplaceable. This was the team that many believed could finally end South Africa's semi-final curse.
New Zealand were the hosts in Auckland, and they had been in superb form throughout the tournament. Under Brendon McCullum's aggressive captainship and with Martin Guptill, Kane Williamson, Corey Anderson, and Grant Elliott providing balance, New Zealand had been one of the tournament's most exciting teams. Eden Park was a cauldron — short boundaries, passionate home crowd, and the knowledge that a World Cup Final was 80 overs away.
New Zealand batted first at Eden Park and posted 299/6 — a total boosted by Guptill's 49 and Williamson's 33, with Grant Elliott contributing a crucial cameo. South Africa faced a stiff target but with de Villiers available to bat through the latter overs, the chase was absolutely achievable. Amla and de Villiers had demolished bigger targets in this tournament.
South Africa's chase went through phases of brilliance and collapse. De Villiers came in and began playing with the controlled aggression that made him the best ODI batsman in the world. When he was batting, South Africa were in control of the chase and the required rate was manageable. Then came the moment that would define the match.
De Villiers pushed into the infield and set off for a run. The fielder — Corey Anderson — swooped and threw the stumps down. The third umpire was called upon. The replays were shown from multiple angles and on multiple occasions. The decision was genuinely and visibly inconclusive. Replays showed the bat grounding just as the bail was dislodged — or perhaps the bail dislodging just before the bat grounded. The margin was a fraction of a frame. The third umpire gave: out.
The run-out decision against AB de Villiers was one of the most debated third-umpire calls in World Cup history. The question was simple: had the bat grounded before or after the bail was dislodged by Corey Anderson's throw? The replays did not produce a definitive answer. Different freeze-frame points gave different conclusions. The third umpire, Kumar Dharmasena, spent considerable time reviewing the footage before upholding the out decision.
Dharmasena's reasoning under the protocols was that he could not conclusively determine the bat was grounded before the bail fell. The benefit of the doubt under run-out protocols goes to the fielding side if the evidence is genuinely inconclusive — the batsman must make his ground before the stumps are broken. If both events appear simultaneous on replays with no clear ground of the bat first, the out decision stands.
But many analysts, broadcasters, and former players looking at the same replays came to a different conclusion — that the bat had grounded at precisely the moment of, or fractionally before, the bail falling. The inconclusive nature of the decision meant that reasonable people looking at the same frames reached opposite conclusions. That ambiguity made the decision deeply unsatisfying for South Africa.
De Villiers walked off for 65. South Africa, who had needed his presence in the final overs with the death-overs arithmetic narrowing in their favour, now faced the remaining overs shorthanded. They recovered enough to reach a position where, needing six off the final delivery with a wicket in hand, they remained in the match. Dale Steyn — one of the greatest fast bowlers of his generation — had to defend the last ball with the tournament at stake.
Grant Elliott, New Zealand's journeyman all-rounder and South African-born at that, stood at the crease. He hit Steyn's full-length delivery over long-on for six. New Zealand won off the final ball. Steyn collapsed to his knees. The South African curse had claimed another victim at the semi-final stage.
AB de Villiers pushes into the off side and sets off for a run — Anderson swoops and hits the stumps
Third umpire Kumar Dharmasena reviews multiple replays — the margin is a fraction of a video frame
Dharmasena gives out run out — replays genuinely inconclusive; many analysts believe bat grounded simultaneously
De Villiers departs for 65 — South Africa's most dangerous batsman removed at a critical chase phase
South Africa reach the last ball needing six runs — Dale Steyn must defend with tournament on the line
Grant Elliott hits Steyn over long-on for six — New Zealand win off the final delivery; Steyn collapses in tears
New Zealand innings
New Zealand post 299/6 — Guptill, Williamson, and Elliott contribute in a competitive but chaseable total
South Africa chase
Amla and de Villiers anchoring the reply — required rate manageable; de Villiers batting with controlled aggression
The run-out
De Villiers pushes into the off side — Anderson throws the stumps down — third umpire deliberates on inconclusive frames — out given
Final overs
South Africa with reduced batting depth require a six off the last ball — Steyn to bowl to Elliott
Final delivery
Elliott hits Steyn over long-on for six — New Zealand win off the last ball; Steyn in tears on the ground
Post-match
Elliott consoles Steyn — one of the great sportsmanship moments of modern cricket; South Africa's semi-final curse extends
“I've seen it a hundred times and I still can't tell you definitively which came first. That's how close it was.”
“AB was our match-winner. Every team in that tournament knew it. When he went, the dynamic changed completely.”
“Dale was on his knees and I just walked over. It was nothing to do with anything except two cricketers in a big moment. You do what feels right.”
“I can't watch it. Even now. That team deserved to be in a World Cup Final. We all believed we could end it this time.”
The aftermath was one of the most poignant scenes in cricket history. Dale Steyn, the pride of South African fast bowling, was filmed in tears after conceding the winning six — a deeply human moment that resonated far beyond cricket. Grant Elliott, who was born in South Africa and had emigrated to New Zealand, walked over to console Steyn, a moment of extraordinary sportsmanship that became one of the images of the tournament.
South Africa's reaction to the de Villiers run-out decision was measured in public — the players did not make official complaints — but the analysis in the weeks that followed was extensive. Former players, including Graeme Smith and Jonty Rhodes, reviewed the footage and came to different conclusions. The inconclusive nature of the decision meant there was no clean answer, only the outcome: de Villiers was out, South Africa lost, the curse continued.
Third umpire Kumar Dharmasena upheld the run-out decision against AB de Villiers on replays that were, by broad consensus, genuinely inconclusive. The protocol requires the bat to be grounded before the stumps are broken; the footage did not clearly establish this. De Villiers was given out for 65 and South Africa eventually lost off the final ball — Dale Steyn conceding Grant Elliott's winning six. The decision extended South Africa's heartbreaking World Cup knockout record and remains one of the most debated third-umpire calls in the tournament's history.
The 2015 semi-final is South Africa's most recent World Cup knockout heartbreak and extends the narrative of a team perpetually denied at the final hurdle. De Villiers' run-out is the most recent in a long line of what-if moments in South African knockout cricket — alongside Herschelle Gibbs' dropped catch in 1999, Klusener and Donald's run-out, and Dwayne Pretorius's missed stumping in other tournaments.
The third-umpire decision also contributed to ongoing discussions about how genuinely inconclusive run-out decisions should be handled. When ball-tracking and edge detection are used for batting decisions, the technology's uncertainty is accounted for through umpire's call thresholds. For run-outs, where the margin can be a single video frame, the question of how to handle genuine ambiguity in slow-motion replay remains unresolved. The de Villiers decision is the most cited example of why frame-by-frame analysis can produce decisions that feel unjust even when technically following the protocol.
Australia vs New Zealand
1 February 1981
Greg Chappell instructed his brother Trevor to bowl the last ball underarm along the ground to prevent New Zealand from hitting a six to tie the match.
Australia vs India
7 February 1981
Sunil Gavaskar was given out LBW to Dennis Lillee off a ball that clearly hit his bat first. He was so furious he tried to take his batting partner Chetan Chauhan off the field with him.
Australia vs India
2-6 January 2008
One of the most controversial Tests ever — terrible umpiring decisions, racial abuse allegations, and India threatening to abandon the tour.